Уголовно-правовые гарантии достоинства человека и развитие биотехнологий
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2022.102Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются вопросы влияния прогресса биотехнологий на изменение уголовного права. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что соматические права не образуют новое поколение прав человека, а обогащают содержание достоинства личности. В силу естественного характера этих прав они могут регулироваться правом лишь в малой степени, что ограничивает и возможности введения запретов. Уголовное право должно решать задачи по установлению гарантий достоинства личности. В связи с этим необходима более четкая регламентация таких обстоятельств, исключающих преступность деяния, как согласие потерпевшего и обоснованный риск. Необоснованным следует признавать введение уголовной ответственности за такие случаи применения биотехнологий, в которых отсутствуют признаки злоупотребления. Научный прогресс порождает неопределенность в применении отдельных норм уголовного права, а это требует совершенствования правил назначения наказания и исчисления сроков давности уголовного преследования. Учитывая сказанное, проведен анализ необходимости криминализации новых разновидностей деяний против личности, введения ответственности за преступления в отношении искусственных органов, а также органов и тканей, отделенных от человека; рассмотрены вопросы уголовно-правовой оценки противоправных деяний с эмбрионами человека; сделан вывод о важности включения генетической информации в охраняемую уголовным законом сферу тайны частной жизни. Анализ векторов развития уголовного права показывает невозможность эффективного сдерживания запретами отдельных способов самоопределения личности. Российский законодатель в этом вопросе проявляет разумную сдержанность. При дальнейшем совершенствовании уголовного закона недопустимо использование конструкции формальных составов преступлений. В качестве же криминообразующих признаков запрещаемых деяний могут быть как объективные характеристики (способ медицинского вмешательства, причиняемый вред), так и субъективные — мотив, цель (например, проведение операции по смене пола в противоправных целях). Это позволит уголовному праву не вставать на пути биотехнологического прогресса, помогая медицинскому законодательству определять некоторые границы. В статье также анализируются нормы уголовного законодательства, положения международных конвенций, практика конституционного судопроизводства.
Ключевые слова:
биотехнологии, достоинство личности, гарантии прав человека, криминализация, соматические права
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