Разделение суверенитета в федеративном государстве: теория и исторические предпосылки

Николай Викторович Разуваев

Авторы

Николай Викторович Разуваев Северо-Западный институт управления Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы

Аннотация

В статье исследуется проблема суверенитета как одного из основных признаков государства и раскрываются особенности суверенитета применительно к федерациям. При этом автор исходит из постклассического понимания государства, в соответствии с которым последнее рассматривается в качестве особой правовой конструкции. Соответственно и признаки государства, включая суверенитет, также являются сконструированными, представляя собой совокупность элементов (правомочий), которые могут быть разделены между различными субъектами властвования. Исходя из этого, автор статьи делает вывод о делимости государственного суверенитета. Данное его свойство проявляется уже в унитарных государствах, многие из которых представляют собой достаточно сложные политические образования, включающие в себя административно-территориальные единицы, обладающие элементами суверенитета. Еще более наглядно это проявляется в федерациях, субъекты которых обладают ограниченным суверенитетом, производным от суверенитета федеративного государства. Таким образом, имеет место распределение суверенитета между федерацией и ее субъектами, выступающее основой так называемого вертикального разделения властей. Подобное распределение суверенных прав между центром и субъектами, по мнению автора, является одной из важнейших характеристик федерации, отличающих ее, с одной стороны, от унитарного государства, а с другой стороны, от конфедерации, в которой общегосударственный суверенитет производен от суверенитета субъектов. Автор полагает, что разделение суверенитета, характерное для современных федеративных государств, имеет своим прообразом право расщепленной собственности на землю, составлявшее основу правопорядка и политического властвования в традиционном обществе.

Ключевые слова:

государство, суверенитет, унитарное государство, федерация, вертикальное разделение властей, территория, сюзеренитет, право расщепленной собственности

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Биография автора

Николай Викторович Разуваев, Северо-Западный институт управления Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы

кандидат юридических наук, профессор

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