Уголовный кодекс Индии 1860 года: история создания и характерные черты

Нина Александровна Крашенинникова; Елена Николаевна Трикоз

Авторы

Нина Александровна Крашенинникова МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова
Елена Николаевна Трикоз Российский университет дружбы народов; МГИМО (У) МИД России https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-480X

Аннотация

В статье рассматриваются история уголовно-правовой системы Британской Индии в XVIII–XIX вв., значение Правовой комиссии при генерал-губернаторе и личный вклад ее председателя Т. Б. Маколея в дело кодификации уголовного права Индии, источники и особенности структуры Уголовного кодекса 1860 г., его доктринальное и практическое значение вплоть до наших дней. Индийское право было полисистемным и включало две персонально-религиозные системы: индусское и мусульманское право. Официальная кодификация права в Индии стала возможной при генерал-губернаторе У. Бентинке, когда за дело взялся его юридический советник Т. Б. Маколей. Он составил проект Уголовного кодекса Индии в период с 1835 по 1837 г. На содержание проекта повлияла жесткая уголовная политика У. Бентинка, связанная с противодействием ритуальной преступности — группировкам тугов (разбойников-душителей) и практике сати (самосожжения вдов). Члены комиссии находились под сильным воздействием утилитарной философии Дж. Бентама, сторонника «всеобщей кодификации права». На проект повлиял «Кодекс Ливингстона» 1826 г. в североамериканском штате Луизиана, где проводилась последовательная гуманизация наказаний: отмена смертной казни, размежевание норм уголовного права и уголовного процесса, обособление «общей части» в структуре Кодекса. Систематизация колониального права Индии была комплексной и межотраслевой, она содержала элементы как кодификации, так и консолидации. Успешность УК Индии на практике была связана с систематическим подходом реформаторов, которые параллельно выработали такие базовые акты, как Гражданско-процессуальный кодекс 1859 г., Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс 1861 г., консолидированные Законы о полиции 1861 г. и доказательствах 1872 г. и др. В основе успеха этой широкомасштабной межотраслевой систематизации и унификации права лежали веские утилитарные причины, прежде всего необходимость обеспечить надежное управление и правопорядок на обширной территории нестабильных индийских княжеств.

Ключевые слова:

кодификация права, правовая реформа, колониальное законодательство, уголовный кодекс, индусское право, мусульманское право, источники права

Скачивания

Данные скачивания пока недоступны.

Биографии авторов

Нина Александровна Крашенинникова , МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова

доктор юридических наук, профессор

Елена Николаевна Трикоз , Российский университет дружбы народов; МГИМО (У) МИД России

кандидат юридических наук, доцент

Библиографические ссылки

Anderson M. R. Islamic Law and the Colonial Encounter in British India. Institutions and Ideologies. Ed. by D.Arnold, P.Robb. Richmond, 1993, pp.165–185.

Balasubrahmanyam V. Jurisdiction. Essays on the Indian Penal Code: published on the centenary of the Indian Penal Code. Ed. by S.Glucklich, A.Govindarajulu. Bombay, N. M. Tripathi, 1962, pp. 1–32.

Banerjee A. Ch. English Law in India. New Delhi, Abhinar Publications, 1984. 320 p.

Bentham I. [Main beginnings of the criminal code]. Izbrannye sochineniia Ieremii Bentama [Chosen compositions of Jeremiah Bentham]. Vol.I. St. Petersburg, 1867, pp. 471–678. (In Russian)

Bentham J. On the Influence of Time and Place in Matters of Legislation (1782). The Works of Jeremy Bentham. Ed. by J. Bowring. 11 vols. Edinburgh, 1843, vol. I, pp. 169–194.

Betai R.S. State of criminal law in Kautilya’s Arthashastra. Journal of the Gujarat Research Society. 1977, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 3–17.

Bhattacharya N. Remaking Custom: The Discourse and Practice of Colonial Codification. Tradition, Dissent and Ideology. Ed. by R.Champakalakshmi, S.Gopal. Delhi, 1996, pp. 20–51.

Bhattacharyya-Panda N. Appropriation and Invention of Tradition: The East India Company and Hindu Law in Early Colonial Bengal. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2008. 273 p.

Cameron C. H., Elliott D. The Indian Penal Code as Originally Framed in 1837 and the First and Second Reports. Madras, Higginbotham, 1888. 497 p.

Codification, Macaulay and the Indian Penal Code: The Legacies and Modern Challenges of Criminal Law Reform. Ed. by W.-Ch. Chan, B.Wright, S.Yeo. Burlington, Ashgate, 2016. 396 p.

Colebrooke H. T. A Digest of Hindu law, on Contracts and Successions, with a Commentary of Jagannātha (Tarkapañcānana). Company’s Press, 1801. 501 p.

Crime and Criminality in British India. Ed. by A. A. Yang. Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 1985. 325 p.

Cross R. The Making of English Criminal Law: Macaulay. Criminal Law Review. 1978, vol. 5, pp. 519–528.

Dash M. Thug: the True Story of India’s Murderous Cult. Granta Books, 2005. 356 p.

Editorial: Some Lessons from Macaulay on Codification. Criminal Law Journal. 2004, vol. 28(4), pp. 197–199.

Esakov G.A. Kodifikatsiia ugolovnogo prava Anglii: k 160-letiiu pervogo proekta Ugolovnogo kodeksa [Codification of criminal law of England: To the 160 anniversary of the first draft of the Criminal code]. Ugolovnoe pravo [Criminal law], 2004, no.1, pp. 495–502. (In Russian)

Fursov K. A. Otnosheniia angliiskoi Ost-Indskoi Kompanii s Mogol’skim sultanatom: problema periodizatsii [Relations of the English East Indian Company with the Mogolsky sultanate: periodization problem]. Vestnik MGU. Ser. 13. Vostokovedenie [Bulletin of MSU. Oriental studies], 2004, no. 2, pp. 3–25. (In Russian)

Ghosh S.C. The History of Education in Modern India (1757–1998). New Delhi, Sangam Books Ltd, 2000. 248 p.

Glucklich A. Karma and Social Justice in the Criminal Code of Manu. Contributions to Indian sociology. 1982, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 59–78.

Guseva N. R. Induizm: Istoriia formirovaniia. Kul‘tovaia praktika [Hinduism: Formation history. Cult practice]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1977. 327 p. (In Russian)

Hall J. Edwards Livingston and His Louisiana Penal Code. American Bar Association Journal. 1936, vol. 22. no. 3, pp. 191–196.

Kachenovsky. Vospominaniia o Makolee [Memories of Macaulay]. Russkoe slovo [Russian Word], 1860, no. 6, pp. 55–111. (In Russian)

Kochemasov A.V. Istoricheskii opyt kodifikatsii ugolovnogo prava v SShA v XIX — nachale XXI v. Dis. kand. iurid. nauk [Historical experience of codification of criminal law in the USA in XIX — XXI centuries. Thesis]. Moscow, 2015. 240 p. (In Russian)

Kolsky E. Codification and the rule of Colonial Difference: Criminal Procedure in British India. Law and History Review, Fall 2005, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 631–683.

Koveshnikova Yu. N. Anglo-frantsuzskaia bor’ba za Indiiu [Anglo-French struggle for India]. V mire nauchnykh otkrytii [In the world of scientific discoveries], 2010, no. 4(12), pp. 46–48. (In Russian)

Kovtun G. S. Istoki i sviashchennyi smysl rituala sati: sotsiologicheskaia interpretatsiia [The origins and sacred meaning of the sati ritual: sociological interpretation]. Vestnik Dal’nevostochnogo otdeleniia RAN [Bulletin of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences], 2008, no. 2, pp. 43–54. (In Russian)

Krasheninnikova N. A. Indusskoe pravo: istoriia i sovremennost’ [Hindu law: history and present]. Moscow, Moscow Univ. Press., 1982. 192 p. (In Russian)

Krasheninnikova N.A. Pravovaia kul’tura sovremennoi Indii: innovatsionnye i traditsionnye cherty [Legal culture of modern India: innovative and traditions]. Moscow, Norma Publ., 2009. 304 p. (In Russian)

Lelan L. Law and the Study of Law. The Canadian Monthly and National Review. 1878, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 190–201.

Livingston E. Edwards Livingston to Bentham. The Works of Jeremy Bentham. Ed. by J. Bowring. 11 vols. Edinburgh, William Tait, 1838–1843, vol. 11, pp. 82–83.

Macaulay T.B. Angliia i Evropa: izbrannye esse [England and Europe. The chosen essays]. St. Petersburg, Aleteiia-SPb Publ., 2001. 502 p. (In Russian)

Macaulay T. B., MacLeod J. M., Anderson G. W., Millett F. Notes on the Indian Penal Code by the Indian Law Commissioners. Miscellaneous Works of Lord Macaulay edited by his sister Lady Trevelyan. New York, 1880, vol. IV, pp. 177–327.

Macnaghten W. H. Principles and Precedents of Hindu Law. Calcutta, Baptist Mission Press, 1829. 440 p.

Makoley T. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii. Kriticheskie i istoricheskie opyty [Complete Works. Critical and historical experiments]. St. Petersburg, Tipografiia N.Tiblena i K, 1865. (In Russian)

McClain Ch. Criminal Law Reform: Historical Development in the United States. Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice. 1983, vol. 2, pp. 501–520.

Mith K.J.M. Macaulay’s Utilitarian Penal Code: An Illustration of the Accidental Function of Time, Place and personalities in Law Making. Legal History in the Making: Proceedings of the Ninth British Legal History Conference. London; Rio Grande, Ohio, 1991, pp. 145–164.

Molchanov A. V khrame «chernoi» bogini Kali soversheno chelovecheskoe zhertvoprinoshenie [A human sacrifice was performed in the temple of the “black” goddess Kali]. RIA Novosti. 2010, Apr., 30. (In Russian)

Mridu Rai. Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir. Published by Permanent Black, Ranikhet, 2004. 320 p.

Mukherjee M. Codification and the Rule of Colonial Difference: Criminal Procedure in British India. Law and History Review, Fall 2005, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 589–630.

Natarajan S. Century of Social Reform in India. Bombay, Asia Publishing House, 1959. 208 p.

Patra A. C. An Historical Introduction to the Indian Penal Code. Essays on the Indian Penal Code: published on the occasion of the centenary of the Indian Penal Code. Ed. by S. Govindarajulu. Bombay, 1962, pp. 33–46.

Pound R. Codification in Anglo-American Law. The Code Napoleon and the Common-Law World: The Sesquicentennial Lectures Delivered at the Law Center of New York University, December 13–15, 1954. Ed. by B.Schwartz. New York, New York University Press, 1956. 438 p.

Radchenko L.R. Politika britanskikh kolonial’nykh vlastei v Indii v sfere vysshego obrazovaniia [The policy of the British colonial authorities in India in the sphere of higher education]. Izvestiia Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN [Izvestiya of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences], 2011, no. 3-1, pp. 187–189. (In Russian)

Rankin G. G. The Indian Penal Code. Law Quarterly Review. 1944, vol. 60, pp. 37–50.

Rushby K. “Children of Kali”: Through India in Search of Bandits, the Thug Cult and the British Raj. Walker & Company, 2003. 292 p.

Schwarz H. Constructing the Criminal Tribe in Colonial India: Acting like a Thief. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. 176 p.

Shahdeen M. The Transformation of Colonial Perceptions into Legal Norms: Legislating for Crime and Punishment in Bengal, 1790’s to 1820’s. London: Unpublished SOAS PhD thesis, 1994.

Singha R. A Despotism of Law: Crime and Justice in Early Colonial India. Calcutta; Oxford, 1998. 342 p.

Sinha N. Mobility, Control and Criminality in Early Colonial India, 1760–1850s. Indian Economic Social History Review. 2008, vol. 45, pp. 1–33.

Skuy D. Macaulay and the Indian Penal Code of 1862: The Myth of the Inherent Superiority and Modernity of the English Legal System Compared to India’s Legal System in the Nineteenth Century. Modern Asian Studies. 1998, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 513–557.

Sleeman W. The Thugs. The Calcutta Magazine. 1832, no. XXXIII, September.

Speeches by Lord Macaulay, With His “Minute on Indian Education”. Selected with notes by G. M. Young. Oxford University Press, 1935. 361 p.

Stephen J. F. A History of the Criminal Law of England. London, Macmillan and co., 1883. 612 p.

Stephen J. F. Codification in India and England. The Fortnightly Review. 1872, vol. 18, pp. 644–672.

Stokes E. English Utilitarians and India. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1959. 350 p.

Strange Th. Elements of Hindu law; Referable to British Judicature in India. London, Gale, Making of Modern Law, 1825. Vols. I–II. 376 p.

Strange Th. Hindu Law; Principally with Reference to Such Portions of it as Concern the Administration of Justice, in the King’s Courts, in India. London, Parbury, Allen and Co., 1830. 425 p.

The Anglo-Indian codes. Ed. by Wh. Stokes. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1887–1888. 2 vols. 1082 p.

The Indian Legal System. Ed. J. Minattur. Bombay, Indian Law Institute, 1978. 722 p.

Thornton E. Illustrations of the History and Practices of the Thugs, and Notices of Some of the Proceedings of the Government of India, for the Suppression of the Crime of Thuggee. London, London, W. H. Allen and Co., 1837. 484 p.

Trikoz E.N. Gibridnye pravovye sistemy i ikh mesto v smeshannom pravovom semeistve [Hybrid law systems and their place in the mixed law family]. Vestnik Universiteta im. O.E.Kutafina (MGIuA) [Newsletter of Kutafin University (MSWU)], 2017, no.4 (32), pp. 91–98. (In Russian)

Turovskaya T. V. Istoricheskaia kontseptsiia T. B. Makoleia (1800–1859). Avtoref. dis. kand. ist. nauk [Historical concept of T. B. Macaulay (1800–1859). PhD Thesis]. Alma-Ata, 1991. 21 p. (In Russian)

Umralkar P.B. Sovremennoe ugolovnoe pravo Indii (osnovnye instituty). Avtoref. dis. kand. iurid. nauk [Modern criminal law of India (Main institutes). Thesis]. Moscow, 1975. 15 p. (In Russian)

Vesey-Fitzgerald S. Bentham and the Indian Codes. Jeremy Bentham and the Law: A Symposium. Ed. by G. W. Keeton, G. Schwarzenberger. London, Greenwood Press, 1948. viii, 266 p.

Vyzinsky G.V. Lord Makolei, ego zhizn’ i sochineniia [Lord Macaulay, his life and compositions]. St. Petersburg, 1860–1866. Reprinted. St. Petersburg, 2011, t.1, pp.I– ХСVIII. (In Russian)

Walter M., Macpherson G. The Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860). Calcutta, Baptist mission press, 1861. 543 р.

Woerkens M.van, Tihanyi C. The Strangled Traveler: Colonial Imaginings and the Thugs of India. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2002. 375 p.

Wright В. Macaulay’s Indian Penal Code: Historical Context and Originating Principles. Codification, Macaulay and the Indian Penal Code: The Legacies and Modern Challenges of Criminal Law Reform. Surrey, 2016, pp. 19–58.

Yeo S.M.H. Revitalising the Penal Code with a General Part. Singapore Journal of Legal Studies. 2004, July, pp. 1–19.