Разум и права: нейрология, философия и основы правовой справедливости

Маттиас  Мальман

Авторы

Маттиас Мальман Университет Цюриха (Швейцария)

Аннотация

Центральный в представленной статье — вопрос о том, какова в действительности связь между человеческим мышлением, его структурой и проявлениями функционирования и идеей прав человека, которая, безусловно, является одним из наиболее важных продуктов человеческого мышления. В поиске ответа на него последовательно рассмотрен ряд других вопросов. Первый: почему теория разума имеет значение для этики и права? Чтобы ответить на второй вопрос — о чем собственно идет речь? — изложена и разъяснена концепция, или идея, прав человека как подкласса моральных и субъективных юридических прав. Довольно много внимания уделено третьему вопросу: откуда взялись права, каково их происхождение? Его рассмотрение необходимо для сущностного понимания того, почему ответ на одну из двух основных — особенно сейчас интересных — форм ревизионизма прав человека, исторического, генеалогического наступления на права, непременно приводит к выходу за пределы истории прав и глубокому погружению в их эпистемологию и онтологию.

Также рассмотрен четвертый вопрос: почему права оправданны (обоснованны)? И, наконец, при наличии уже достаточно подготовленной предыдущими замечаниями почвы обращено внимание на основную проблему данной рефлексии: в чем все-таки заключается значение теории разума для проекта прав человека? В связи с этим обсужден второй фундаментальный вызов идее прав человека. Такие нападки связаны с отголосками сегодняшнего нейрологического неоэмотивизма, который интересен сам по себе и отличается тем, что критика указанной формы ревизионизма прав человека предоставляет значительные эвристические преимущества для конструктивного учета теории разума и основ прав человека.

Статья завершается раскрытием того, что и как теория прав человека может вынести из теории разума и, конкретнее, взять от менталистского взгляда в этике и праве.

Ключевые слова:

права человека, история прав человека, теория разума, моральное познание, нейрология, модель дуального процесса мышления

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Биография автора

Маттиас Мальман, Университет Цюриха (Швейцария)

заведующий кафедрой философии и теории права, юридической социологии и международного публичного права юридического факультета

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