Analogy, weighing, and deduction in the structure of the following precedent

Authors

  • Sergej Anatol'evich Manzhosov Saint Petersburg State University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu25.2018.208

Abstract

Methodological features of justification of judicial decisions in the context of precedential law are often characterized through the use of the notion of “reasoning by analogy” (or “analogical argumentation”) usually represented as a particular method of the application of a law which is distinctive for precedents. In its turn, deductive logic is considered as a basic tool of application of statutes, and the procedure of weighing is taken to represent the specificity of application of constitution as a source of permanently conflicting legal norms of the utmost level of abstraction. The rigor of this “theory of a special method” makes many scholars seek a clarification of the structure of the following precedent, which would be without the use of notions of deduction and weighing. However, this approach has proven unavailing: it is generally accepted that the notion of “reasoning by analogy” still remains too vague and mysterious. This paper tries to give a primary analysis of the structure of the following precedent from the other side, under the premise of the methodological universality of the process of application of the law. The “open texture” theory advanced by H. L. A. Hart is the cornerstone for this analysis. The author comes to the conclusion that the analytical scheme of following precedent resulting from the reconstruction of this intellective procedure consists of a sequence of three different mental operations, one of which is appropriate to designate as “analogy”, though bearing polysemy of the term in mind. These basic operations — analogy, weighing, and deduction — are effected in the course of application of any legal norm, regardless of its source. On the basis of the inquiry’s findings, the author outlines the possible further development of the proposed approach.

Keywords:

precedent, stare decisis, analogy, deduction, weighing, proportionality, judicial method, legal reasoning

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
 

References

Литература

Алекси Р. Понятие и действительность права (ответ юридическому позитивизму) / пер. с нем. А. Н. Лаптева, Ф. Кальшойера. М.; Берлин: Инфотропик Медиа, 2011. 174 с.

Арановский К. В., Князев С. Д. Ограничения судебного прецедента в романо-германском праве // Известия вузов. Правоведение. 2012. № 4. С. 51–66.

Архипов В. В., Поляков А. В., Тимошина Е. В. Адаптация опыта систем прецедентного права к российской правовой системе: к постановке проблемы // Известия вузов. Правоведение. 2012. № 3. С. 113–134.

Белов С. А., Кудряшова О. А. Заимствование моделей конституционного контроля в правовой системе России // Журнал конституционного правосудия. 2012. № 6. С. 25–38.

Белов С. А. Рациональность судебной балансировки конституционных ценностей с помощью теста на пропорциональность // Петербургский юрист. 2016. № 1. С. 63–75.

Белов С. А. Способен ли рациональный дискурс обосновать ценностный выбор в праве? // Известия вузов. Правоведение. 2014. № 5. С. 224–236.

Бернам У. Правовая система США / науч. ред. В. А. Власихин; пер. с англ. А. В. Александров и др. Вып. 3. М.: Новая юстиция, 2006. 1216 с.

Блохин П. Д. Индукция, аналогия, интуиция в конституционно-судебном познании: попытка логико-правового исследования // Журнал конституционного правосудия. 2016. № 2. С. 11–23.

Васьковский Е. В. Руководство к толкованию и применению законов: для начинающих юристов. М.: Издание Бр. Башмаковых, 1913. 152 с.

Гаджиев Г. А. Решения высших судов России как общественный капитал // Вестник Московского университета. Сер. № 11. Право. 2015. № 1. С. 3–16.

Диоген Лаэртский. О жизни, учениях и изречениях знаменитых философов / Институт философии АН СССР; общ. ред. и вступит. статья А. Ф. Лосева. М.: Мысль, 1979. 620 с.

Касаткин С. Н. «Постскриптум» к «Понятию права» Герберта Л. А. Харта // Российский ежегодник теории права. 2008. № 1. СПб.: Юридическая книга, 2009. С. 753–785.

Касаткин С. Н. Проблема нормативных оснований судебного решения: концепция правовой неопределенности Г. Харта и ее критики // Антропологія права: філософський та юридичний виміри (стан, проблеми, перспективи): статті учасників VIII Міжнародного «круглого столу» (м. Львів, 7–8 грудня 2012 року). Львів: Галицький друкар, 2013. С. 220–240.

Касаткин С. Н. Проблема следования правилу: Харт и Витгенштейн // Антропологія права: філософський та юридичний виміри (стан, проблеми, перспективи): статті учасників VII Міжнародного «круглого столу» (м. Львів, 9–10 грудня 2011 року). 2-е вид., виправ. і доп. Львів: Галицький друкар, 2012. С. 256–276.

Кросс Р. Прецедент в английском праве / пер. с англ. Т. В. Апаровой; под общ. ред. Ф. М. Решетникова. М.: Юридическая литература, 1985. 238 с.

Лайтер Б. За пределами спора Харта и Дворкина: проблема методологии в юриспруденции // Российский ежегодник теории права. 2009. № 2. СПб.: Юридическая книга, 2011. С. 116–151.

Манжосов С. А. Умозаключение на основе прецедента: аналогия, индукция или дедукция? // Право и политика. 2018. № 8. С. 43–51.

Перельман Х., Олбрехт-Тытека Л. Из книги «Новая риторика: трактат об аргументации» / пер. с франц. Т. Л. Ветошкиной // Язык и моделирование социального взаимодействия: переводы / сост. В. М. Сергеева и П. Б. Паршина; под общ. ред. В. В. Петровой. М.: Прогресс, 1987. С. 207–264.

Старченко А. А. Роль аналогии в познании: На материалах исторического и правового исследования. М.: Высшая школа, 1961. 52 с.

Тимошина Е. В., Краевский А. А., Салмин Д. Н. Методология судебного толкования: инструменты взвешивания в ситуации конкуренции прав человека // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Сер. 14. Право. 2015. № 3. С. 4–34.

Фуллер Л. Л. Позитивизм и верность праву: Ответ профессору Харту / пер. с англ. В. В. Архипова; под ред. И. В. Мироновой, Н. С. Лосева // Известия вузов. Правоведение. 2005. № 6. С. 124–159.

Харт Г. Л. А. Позитивизм и разграничение права и морали / пер. с англ. В. В. Архипова; под ред. И. В. Мироновой, Н. С. Лосева // Известия вузов. Правоведение. 2005. № 5. С. 104–136.

Харт Г. Л. А. Понятие права / пер. с англ.; под общ. ред. Е. В. Афонасина и С. В. Моисеева. СПб.: Изд-во С.-Петерб. ун-та, 2007. 302 с.

Шлинк Б. Пропорциональность: К проблеме баланса фундаментальных прав и общественных целей // Сравнительное конституционное обозрение. 2012. № 2. С. 56–76.

Alexy R. Two or Three? // On the Nature of Legal Principles: Proceedings of the Special Workshop “The Principles Theory” held at the 23rd World Congress of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (IVR), Kraków, 2007 / ed. by M. Borowski. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010. P. 9–18.

Brewer S. Exemplary Reasoning: Semantics, Pragmatics, and the Rational Force of Legal Argument by Analogy // Harvard Law Review. 1996. Vol. 109, no. 5. P. 923–1028.

Brożek B. Analogy in Legal Discourse // Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. 2008. Vol. 94, no. 2. P. 188–201.

Duarte D. Analogy and Balancing: The Partial Reducibility Thesis and Its Problems // Revus. 2015. Vol. 25. P. 141–154.

Lamond G. Analogical Reasoning in the Common Law // Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 2014. Vol. 34, no. 3. P. 567–588.

Lamond G. Do Precedents Create Rules? // Legal Theory. 2005. Vol. 11, no. 1. P. 1–26.

Levenbook B. B. The Meaning of a Precedent // Legal Theory. 2000. Vol. 6, no. 2. P. 185–240.

Macagno F., Walton D. Argument from Analogy in Law, the Classical Tradition, and Recent Theories // Philosophy and Rhetoric. 2009. Vol. 42, no. 2. P. 154–182.

Schauer F. F. Thinking Like a Lawyer: A New Introduction to Legal Reasoning. Cambridge; London: Harvard University Press, 2009. 239 p.

Schauer F. F. Why Precedent in Law (and Elsewhere) Is Not Totally (or Even Substantially) About Analogy // Legal Argumentation Theory: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives / ed. by C. Dahlman, E. Feteris. Springer, 2013. P. 45–56.

Vogenauer S. Sources of Law and Legal Method in Comparative Law // The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law / ed. by M. Reimann, R. Zimmermann. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 870–898.

Weinreb L. L. Legal Reason: The Use of Analogy in Legal Argument. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 184 p.


References

Alexy R. Poniatie i deistvitel’nost’ prava (otvet iuridicheskomu pozitivizmu) [The Concept and Validity of Law (A Reply to Legal Positivism)]. Transl. from German by A. N. Laptev, F. Kal’shojer. Moscow, Berlin, Infotropik Media Publ., 2011. 174 p. (In Russian)

Alexy R. Two or Three? On the Nature of Legal Principles: Proceedings of the Special Workshop “The Principles Theory” held at the 23rd World Congress of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (IVR), Kraków, 2007, ed. by M. Borowski. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010, pp. 9–18.

Aranovskij K. V., Knyazev S. D. Ogranicheniia sudebnogo pretsedenta v romanogermanskom prave [The Constrains of Precedent in Civil Law Systems]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pravovedenie [Jurisprudence]. 2012, no. 4, pp. 51–66. (In Russian)

Arkhipov V. V., Polyakov A. V., Timoshina E. V. Adaptatsiia opyta sistem precedentnogo prava k rossiiskoi pravovoi sisteme: k postanovke problemy [Adaptation of Precedent Legal Systems Experience to the Russian Legal System: A Problem Statement]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pravovedenie [Jurisprudence]. 2012, no. 3, pp. 113–134. (In Russian)

Belov S. A. Ratsional’nost’ sudebnoi balansirovki konstitutsionnykh tsennostei s pomoshch’iu testa na proportsional’nost’ [Rationality of Judicial Balancing of Constitutional Values through the Use of the Proportionality Test]. Peterburgskii iurist [Petersburg Lawyer]. 2016, no. 1, pp. 63–75. (In Russian)

Belov S. A. Sposoben li ratsional’nyi diskurs obosnovat’ tsennostnyi vybor v prave? [Can Rational Discourse Justify Values Choice in Law?]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pravovedenie [Jurisprudence]. 2014, no. 5, pp. 224–236. (In Russian)

Belov S. A., Kudryashova O. A. Zaimstvovanie modelei konstitutsionnogo kontrolia v pravovoi sisteme Rossii [Borrowing of Constitutional Control Models in the Russian Legal System]. Zhurnal konstitutsionnogo pravosudiia [Journal of Constitutional Justice]. 2012, no. 6, pp. 25–38. (In Russian)

Blohin P. D. Induktsiia, analogiia, intuitsiia v konstitutsionno-sudebnom poznanii: popytka logiko-pravovogo issledovaniia [The Induction, the Analogy, the Intuition in the Constitutional-Judicial Perception: An Attempt of Logics and Legal Studies]. Zhurnal konstitutsionnogo pravosudiia [Journal of Constitutional Justice]. 2016, no. 2, pp. 11–23. (In Russian)

Brewer S. Exemplary Reasoning: Semantics, Pragmatics, and the Rational Force of Legal Argument by Analogy. Harvard Law Review. 1996, vol. 109, no. 5, pp. 923–1028.

Brożek B. Analogy in Legal Discourse. Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. 2008, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 188–201.

Burnham W. Pravovaia sistema SShA [Legal System of the USA]. Ed. by. V. A. Vlasihin; Transl. from English A. V. Aleksandrov et al., iss. Moscow, Novaia iustitsiia Publ., 2006. 1216 p. (In Russian)

Cross R. Precedent v angliiskom prave [Precedent in English Law]. Transl. from English by T. V. Aparova; ed. by F. M. Reshetnikov. Moscow, Iuridicheskaia literatura Publ., 1985. 238 p. (In Russian)

Diogenes Laertius. O zhizni, ucheniiakh i izrecheniiakh znamenitykh filosofov [Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers]. Ed. by A. F. Losev. Moscow, Mysl’ Publ., 1979. 620 p. (In Russian)

Duarte D. Analogy and Balancing: The Partial Reducibility Thesis and Its Problems. Revus. 2015, vol. 25, pp. 141–154.

Fuller L. L. Pozitivizm i vernost’ pravu: Otvet professoru Hartu [Positivism and Fidelity to Law: A Reply to Professor Hart]. Transl. from English by V. V. Arkhipov; Ed. by I. V. Mironova, N. S. Losev. Izvestiia vuzov. Pravovedenie [Jurisprudence]. 2005, no. 6, pp. 124–159. (In Russian)

Gadzhiev G. A. Resheniia vysshikh sudov Rossii kak obshchestvennyi kapital [Decisions of the Highest Courts in Russia as Social Capital]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta: Seriia 11, Pravo [Vestnik of Moscow University: Law]. 2015, no. 1, pp. 3–16. (In Russian)

Hart H. L. A. Poniatie prava [The Concept of Law]. Transl. from English; eds. E. V. Afonasin, S. V. Moiseev. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg University Publ., 2007. 302 p. (In Russian)

Hart H. L. A. Pozitivizm i razgranichenie prava i morali [Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals]. Transl. from English by V. V. Arkhipov; Ed. by I. V. Mironova, N. S. Losev. Izvestiia vuzov. Pravovedenie [Jurisprudence]. 2005, no. 5, pp. 104–136. (In Russian)

Kasatkin S. N. “Postskriptum” k “Poniatiiu prava” Herberta L. A. Harta [“Postscript” to “The Concept of Law” of Herbert L. A. Hart]. Rossiiskii ezhegodnik teorii prava [Russian Yearbook of the Theory of Law]. 2008, no. 1. St. Petersburg, Iuridicheskaia kniga Publ., 2009, pp. 753–785. (In Russian)

Kasatkin S. N. Problema normativnykh osnovanii sudebnogo resheniia: kontseptsiia pravovoi neopredelennosti H. Harta i ee kritiki [The Problem of Normative Grounds of Judicial Decision: The Concept of Legal Uncertainty of H. Hart and Its Critics]. Antropologіia prava: fіlosofs’kii ta iuridichnii vimіri (stan, problemi, perspektivi). Stattі uchasnikіv VIII Mіzhnarodnogo «kruglogo stolu» (m. L’vіv, 7–8 grudnia 2012 roku). [Anthropology of Law: Philosophical and Legal Dimensions (Condition, Problems, Perspectives). Articles of the Participants of the VII International «Round Table» (Lviv, December 7–8, 2012)]. L’vіv, Galic’kii drukar Publ., 2013, pp. 220–240. (In Russian)

Kasatkin S. N. Problema sledovaniia pravilu: Hart i Wittgenstein [The Problem of Rule-Following: Hart and Wittgenstein]. Antropologіia prava: fіlosofs’kii ta iuridichnii vimіri (stan, problemi, perspektivi): Stattі uchasnikіv VII Mіzhnarodnogo «kruglogo stolu» (m. L’vіv, 9–10 grudnia 2011 roku) [Anthropology of Law: Philosophical and Legal Dimensions (Condition, Problems, Perspectives): Articles of the Participants of the VII International «Round Table» (Lviv, December 9–10, 2011)]. 2nd ed. L’vіv, Galic’kii drukar Publ., 2012, pp. 256–276. (In Russian)

Lamond G. Analogical Reasoning in the Common Law. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 2014, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 567–588.

Lamond G. Do Precedents Create Rules? Legal Theory. 2005, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–26.

Leiter B. Za predelami spora Harta i Dvorkina: problema metodologii v iurisprudencii [Beyond the Hart/Dworkin Debate: The Methodology Problem in Jurisprudence]. Rossiiskii ezhegodnik teorii prava [Russian Yearbook of the Theory of Law]. 2009, no. 2, St. Petersburg, Iuridicheskaia kniga Publ., 2011, pp. 116–151. (In Russian)

Levenbook B. B. The Meaning of a Precedent. Legal Theory. 2000, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 185–240.

Macagno F., Walton D. Argument from Analogy in Law, the Classical Tradition, and Recent Theories. Philosophy and Rhetoric. 2009, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 154–182.

Manzhosov S. A. Umozakliuchenie na osnove pretsedenta: analogiia, induktsiia ili deduktsiia? [Inference Based on Precedent: Analogy, Induction, or Deduction?]. Pravo i politika [Law and Politics]. 2018, no. 8, pp. 43–51. (In Russian)

Perelman Ch., Olbrechts-Tyteca L. Iz knigi “Novaia ritorika: traktat ob argumentatsii” [From the Book “The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation”]. Transl. from French by T. L. Vetoshkina. Yazyk i modelirovanie sotsial’nogo vzaimodeistviia: perevody [Language and Modeling of Social Interaction: translations]. Ed. by V. V. Petrovа. Moscow, Progress Publ., 1987, pp. 207–264. (In Russian)

Schauer F. F. Thinking Like a Lawyer: A New Introduction to Legal Reasoning. Cambridge, London, Harvard University Press, 2009. 239 p.

Schauer F. F. Why Precedent in Law (and Elsewhere) Is Not Totally (or Even Substantially) About Analogy. Legal Argumentation Theory: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives, ed. by C. Dahlman, E. Feteris. Springer, 2013, pp. 45–56.

Schlink B. Proportsional’nost’: K probleme balansa fundamental’nykh prav i obshchestvennykh tselei [Proportionality: Towards the Problem of Balance of Fundamental Rights and Public Ends]. Sravnitel’noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie [Comparative Constitutional Review Journal]. 2012, no. 2, pp. 56–76. (In Russian)

Starchenko A. A. Rol’ analogii v poznanii: Na materialakh istoricheskogo i pravovogo issledovaniia [The Role of Analogy in Cognition: On the Basis of Historical and Legal Research]. Moscow, Vysshaia shkola Publ., 1961. 52 p. (In Russian)

Timoshina E. V., Kraevskij A. A., Salmin D. N. Metodologiia sudebnogo tolkovaniia: instrumenty vzveshivaniia v situatsii konkurentsii prav cheloveka [Methodology of Judicial Interpretation: Means of Weighing in the Situation of Competition of Human Rights]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta: Seriia 14, Pravo [Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University: Law]. 2015, no. 3, pp. 4–34. (In Russian)

Vas’kovskij E. V. Rukovodstvo k tolkovaniiu i primeneniiu zakonov: dlia nachinaiushchikh iuristov [The Guide to Interpretation and Application of Laws: For Novice Lawyers]. Moscow, Br. Bashmakovy Publ., 1913. 152 p. (In Russian)

Vogenauer S. Sources of Law and Legal Method in Comparative Law. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, ed. by M. Reimann, R. Zimmermann. New York, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 870–898.

Weinreb L. L. Legal Reason: The Use of Analogy in Legal Argument. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2005. 184 p.

Published

19.11.2018

How to Cite

Manzhosov, S. A. (2018). Analogy, weighing, and deduction in the structure of the following precedent. Pravovedenie, 62(2), 400–421. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu25.2018.208

Issue

Section

Theory and history of law and state